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Y?GU~Cnqpz|3`>gO dxO{7 7AJ3demU>?>YN&l\G_:ZG_vWщ]gپ_{l%7B~Su۩:Q_?UȾBp~>^.]i۬_!u`{^ï>&\>ZOsbbZUm=[cl=2__-Knⵧցra%$1_O?HO+?bI}e))?ȍjk=5?Iad%KKم$%D тAYJ<:?$zi9Z>;,u)gZLBKtR=ȳW^^VM?CՍ]/*?vK?yx#=QySjrׂZ-ܕGZf?G}=U޲/@a–.?KȧMKȑ!Q|]#.Oo]oz!??OOk2ڧ?=/}E.R0@I@V՜.+,D՜.+,\M 02Caolan80 2`{@  l\ \ \ f 4lLb|;@W XM 6"HLr 82{7 OYAnalysis - Die Erzehlungen von Marie le Roy und Barbara Leininger Storyline and background of Die Erzehlungen... On May 6, 1759, Marie le Roy and Barbara Leininger arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania after spending three and a half years among the Lenap. According to the title page of their printed account, le Roy and Leininger's oral testimonies were  niedergeschrieben by unknown scribes and  gedruckt as a 14 page document in the same year of their arrival by Peter Mller and Ludwig Wei (Cornell University Library, 2005). In this section, I seek to answer what is it that le Roy and Leininger do linguistically to position individuals in the text. For example what words are used and how are the words arranged such that one person becomes an  aggressor and another person becomes a  victim . As a corollary, the answers to this question also reveal  what positions are created from this process both as individuals and groups. This analysis utilizes ideas provided in Harr and Langenhove's Positioning Theory (1999). Davies and Harr for example write a chapter on  Positioning and Personhood (32-52) and Tan and Moghaddam write a chapter on  Intergroup Positioning (178-194). Davies and Harr discuss of how people position one another, i.e., a person can position another person, can be positioned by another person, or postion their individual self. The latter is referred to as reflexive positioning. Positions are located relative in time and space and in this text along intersecting lines of difference that are socially meaningful to the authors. Positioning includes aspects of power, either asymmetric or symetric. For example, one may be able to position another more effectively due to an imbalance of power, or two people may position back and forth because neither has more ability to position than the other. This does not mean that both sides agree to the locations of the positions, as I will show later with Leininger's attempt to escape from her captors. Important ideas are also used from the Tan and Moghaddam chapter such as the terms representative and mediator. A representative represents a group, but as we will see in the analysis and consistent with Tan and Moghaddam (184), the representative does not necessarily share all attributes of the group that they represent. The mediator on the other hand acts as a person who negotiates between groups. One could argue that le Roy and Leininger position themselves as mediators toward the end of the account when they justify why they told their story and then listed the missing persons, because it sets up a situation in which both First Nations and English/American government representatives may feel compelled to discuss the consequences of the situation and how they might avoid future violence. This does not mean that it would necessarily occur, but it bring information to both sides albeit more slowly than if it had been written in English. Die Erzehlungen von Marie le Roy und Barbara Leininger is an account of the experiences of Marie le Roy and Barbara Leininger, two adolescent women who immigrated from Europe with their families. After the death of the adult males in their families at the hands of Lenap men, they lived among Lenap peoples from the 16th of October 1755 until the 14th of March 1759, at which time they attempted what would eventually become a successful escape. The account begins by introducing the women in the third person. Marie le Roy ist in der Schweiz in Brondrut gebohren, und vor etwa 5 Jahren mit ihren Eltern in diesem Lande angekommen. Sie haben ohngefehr 15 Meilen vom Fort Schamockin gewohnet. Ungefehr ein halbe Meile von ihrer Plantasche wohnte Barbara Leininger mit ihren Eltern, welche vor etwa 10 Jahren von Reutlingen nach Pennsylvanien gekommen waren. (2) The paragraph indicates where Marie le Roy and Barbara Leininger were born, where in Pennsylvania they lived and approximately how long they lived there. The narrative voice switches between use of third person and first person, but I can only speculate the reason for the switches. For example the first four paragraphs refer to le Roy and Leininger in the third person or by their names as though an omnipresent narrator is telling a story about their lives. The fifth paragraph uses the first person plural, as though the voice has switched to both le Roy and Leininger now telling their story. Halfway through the sixth paragraph, the third person is again used. At no time in the text do either le Roy or Leininger refer to themselves as as  ich , but it is possible, that using one's own name to refer to oneself when one is speaking was simply the manner in which one referred to oneself at that time and in that place. In the absence of additional accounts to compare this pattern however, I cannot make this statement with absolute certainty. With the exception of the first paragraph on page 2, pages 2 to 7 describe the experience of the women among the Lenap. The next four pages describe their escape. In the last paragraph on page 11, le Roy and Leininger give the reason for creating the text in the first place, namely that many people remained among the Lenap and that in most cases, there was cause for hope. Pages 12 through 14 are names of people who remained among or killed by the Lenap to the best of le Roy and Leininger's knowledge as of their arrival in Philadelphia. Cross-referencing with maps and place names included in the David Zeisberger travel journal (Wellenreuther & Wessel, 1995), Claus/Weiser Travel Journal (NAQ), Wallace (1971) and Pownall (1776 (1976)), it was possible to determine the direction, timing and locations that le Roy and Leininger passed as recorded in this text (see illustration X). While captive, the women generally travelled westward first along the Great Shamokin Trail through the Lenap communities of Jenkiklamuhs (Chinklacamoose, PA) (Nov 1-10); Puncksotonay (Punxatawny, PA) (mid-November); Kittanny (Kittanning, PA) (Dec 1755-Sept 1756); then for two month in the French Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh, PA)(Oct-Nov 1756); then to other Lenap communities Sackum (Beaver/Rochester, OH) (approx Dec 1756  Apr 1757); Kaschkaschkun (New Castle, OH) (approx May  Oct 1757); IMAGE HERE Although the text does not provide the ages of the women, it does imply that the women were adopted as children by the Lenap, which is consistent with Lenap treatment of captives as described in Knowles (1940). DETAILS Generic positions in the subject text For the purposes of this analysis AND FOLLOWING HARRE AND LANGENHOVE (?), I consider positions to be analytical tools used to metaphorically locate a specific individual or collective relative to one another. In this respect, generic positions, BY WHICH I MEAN..., are the most developed within the le Roy/Leininger text roughly break down into binary distributions within the major categories of gender, race, age and class, i.e., male/female, original peoples/new peoples, adult/child, and master/slave (Lorde, 1984, 114). The term  binary distribution means that within a single category, a single identity must be positioned as either one sub-category or another (Steele & Torrie, 1980, 43; Friedman, 1998, 36-40). One cannot be positioned as both. For example, one is not positioned in this text as male and female simultaneously within the category of gender. Major categories listed above may contain multiple levels of sub-categories. For example, the category of race not only includes  Indianer and  European , but within the Indianer sub-category it also includes, Allegheny and Delamottinots, and within the sub-category Europeans, it includes: French, English and German. Because this system of categories is inherently racist, intersecting positions that belong to different sub-categories under one major category, do not necessarily belong to the same sub-category under a different major category, even where one might expect them to. For example, the sub-categories under family (not shown here)  Vater and  Bruder are members of different age sub-categories. The terms  Vater and  Bruder both refer to biological males members of the family. If the  Vater and  Bruder are European, they may be referred to as  Mann , but if they are First Nations, they are referred in the text to as  Indianer . In other words different terms are used to refer to equivalent categories based on race and/or class. With the exception of le Roy and Leininger,  Kinder , regardless of their ethnic background tended to be possessions of someone.  What may or may not be obvious from the above is that one position can only be located relative to another position. For example the sub-category male in the absence of the sub-category female is meaningless. There are differences in how some of these categories or located however based on race, class and gender. For example, a European male is generally referred to as a Mann. However he may also beIS ALSO referred to by his social position as an  officer ,  soldier , or  servant . Although there are exceptions, First Nations males are predominantly referred to as  Indianer with no regard to their social function with the exception of Gelasto, their master, and the men they refer to as  Barbaren , who they position relative to their their implicit slave, and  civil . This is not the case for Europeans, who are routinely referred to by social position or name, e.g.,  Colonel Armstrong ,  Le Roy's Knecht , or  le Roy ihren Vater . Wir beyde und zwey Stck Pferde fielen dem Indianer Gelasto zu Theil. Wir reiten mit unserem neuen Meister... (3) The manner in which women are positionED is also different depending on ethnicity with one exception. Lenap women were generically described as  Indianer Weibsleute or like children as possessions,  ihre Weiber und Kinder , except during the exchange between le Roy and the rescuing  Indianer at Fort Pitt (10). During this exchange, le Roy refers to her adoptive mother as  eine bse Mutter... without the noun  Indianer preceeding Mutter. On the other hand, European women's social standing are not always their own either. European women are referred to by marital status (Betty Rogers, eine ledige Weibs Person(13)), motherhood (ihre Mutter (2)), ethnicity (eine Englische Frau (4)), or by their husband's occupation (ihr Nahme war Mry_______ eines Mllers Frau (7)). From this, it would appear that a woman's social position could parallel a man's occupation as a wife or mother. However in tyingtying a woman's position to marital status or husband's occupation is to bind her position to a man's in a way that is not evident looking from the opposite perspective.  Le Roy and Leininger: From farmer, victim, slave, ACCUSED ? to citizen Although one can describe a position into which an identity falls based on categories such as race, class or gender, contextualizing each position relative to one another is what informs the nature of the position or relative shift in position. Context relates an aspect of identity that I define as socially informing. For example, there are three possible positions that one can occupy when referring to an intergroup military relationship. One can be an enemy, an ally or remain neutral. The vagueness of even these seemingly distinct categories is evident however when one attempts to describe the neutrality of one that declares themselves neutral because they do not take up arms, but simultaneously provide one side's combatants with supplies, e.g. The German miller's wife (11?). At the very least, such acts alter the concept of neutrality, and certainly shift observers' understanding of the position held by the  neutral party. Marie le Roy and Barbara Leininger are initially positioned as immigrant farm girls. One sees this by combining the geographic birthplaces of the two women together with the object of le Roy's servant's actions. Clearly one does not round up cattle in a city centre, nor does one's butler on a country estate round up cattle. Marie le Roy ist in der Schweiz in Brondrut gebohren, und vor etwa 5 Jahren mit ihren Eltern in diesem Lande angekommen. Sie haben ohngefehr 15 Meilen vom Fort Schamockin gewohnet. Ungefehr ein halbe Meile von ihrer Plantasche wohnte Barbara Leininger mit ihren Eltern, welche vor etwa 10 Jahren von Reutlingen nach Pennsylvanien gekommen waren. Am 16ten October 1755 Morgens frh ging le Roys Knecht aus um die Khe zu hohlen. (2) Initially the women's positions as farm girls shift to victims not by actions carried out against them, but by actions carried out against their families, i.e., the Indians kill le Roy's father with tomahawks, took what they could human, animal or inanimate utensil and burned everything else including her father's body. Le Roy and Leininger do not shift from farm girls to victim on their own, but rather take on the position of victim because the Indianer take on the role of aggressors. In other words, Leininger and her sister Regina are made victims through actions of the Indianer, who cause the the death of their adult male relatives. Because there are actually no indications of physical violence committed against the children, one can more precisely define the children's positions as victims as victims of trauma. The position as trauma victim shifts to kidnap victims when the children are abducted, but like their shift from farm girl to victim, this can only happen because the Indianer become kidnappers. ... sie aber die gemelde Barbara nahmen sie mit ihrer Schwester Regina, damahls 11 Jahr alt, gefangen mit sich fort und brachten sie etwa eine Meile weit in den Busch, wo sie sich lagerten, und kurz darauf kam die Marie le Roy mit ihrem Bruder und dem kleinen Mgdchen auch dahin. (3) The shift in position from prisoner to slave for le Roy and Leininger comes not from additional actions carried out by the Lenap, but through the words of the women themselves. The women refer to Gelasto as  unserm neuen Meister  which positions him as  master to their unstated positions as  slave/servant . (3) Although this seems a relatively straightforward binary, there are complicating issues here. First, the position of the Lenap to this point in the text have been as aggressors. Thus it is not inconsistent that le Roy and Leininger name Gelasto as their new master, however as an Indianer, it is a change in position to move from an aggressor, to one that is  ziemlich freundlich towards the women (PAGE X). The positioning that occurs between the Indianer and the Europeans is what Sui-Lan Tan and Moghaddam (in Harr & Langenhove, 1999) refer to as  intergroup positioning. Briefly, they highlight the use of pronouns to separate the two groups e.g.,  us vs.  them ,  we vs.  they , or  I (as a member of a certain group) vs.  you as a member of a certain group) between groups (183). In general, individuals may act as representatives of one group or mediate between two groups (184). A representative is not necessarily part of a group, nor do they necessarily share all of the same attributes of the group membership. A mediator on the other hand acts as an unbiased third party representing neither group. Nevertheless, they acknowledge that the mediator is him/herself also positioned. What this summary suggests is that Gelasto could be considered a representative of the  Indianer , but then, so too could the  Barbaren . In this respect, the Indianer are not such a one-dimensional population of aggressors as portrayed prior to the introduction of Gelasto, but rather they are also friendly depending on the circumstances.  Shifts in positions are not always one to one, and can be rejected by participants such as the power struggle between Leininger and Gelasto. Although one can only assume that Leininger together with le Roy initially saw Gelasto as her new master per the text, her actions demonstrate that she ultimately rejects this arrangement and attempts to escape her circumstanceduring her escape attempt. No textothing in the text atto this point indicates how le Roy views this arrangement, however as evidenced by herle Roy's participation in a second escape attempt (PAGE X), le Royone could conclude that she either accepts or comes to accept Leininger's postion in rejecting the master/slave or parent/child arrangement whichever it is, in thisthe Lenap community. Leininger attempts to escape At the time of Leininger's, she is the slave or servant of Gelasto. When she rejects this position and attempts to leave, she forces both Gelasto and other  Indians travelling with them to either reconsider positions as they formed them, i.e., captors/prisoners or re-establish them using force. The text actually makes no remarks about whether it is Gelasto who is even attempting to reinforce the master/slave relationship. It only refers to Leininger being prevented by  Indians in the plural. While it is doubtful that Gelasto would have allowed her to escape, the text itself does not state this explicitly, meaning a body of enforcers may have been responsible for this recapture. In order to re-establish the master/slave relationship, Leininger's captors must first become her pursuers and she, their pursuee. In accordance with physical space limitations, by preventing her departure, she has not left their presence. Simultaneously because she wanted to leave but now cannot leave, she is again their prisoner. Her position as prisoner is different. That is, there is prisoner in that she is captured, and prisoner as a threat to the community somehow. She has now demonstrated that she is the latter. As a prisoner who poses a threat to the community, the community is now in a position that they feel threatened and she is the threat. If a person has commited a crime against a person or collective and       !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghiklis viewed by the community as an ongoing threat, the community may elect to incarcerate or execute the individual in order to minimize or eliminate the risk to the community respectively. However the person must first be accused of commiting a crime, found guilty and then sentenced. Because there is a judgement taken regarding Leininger's action, and not merely an action, then there must have been some consideration on the part of the Lenap regarding Leininger's act, else why make any pronouncement at all? They could have simply murdered her by a means that would have been most convenient at the time, as they did with le Roy's father and Bastien (according to the text). However this word  verurteilt means that much more did occur, otherwise, the word would not even be there. In this respect, Leininger shifts from prisoner, to accused and convicted. What supports this process is the process that must have occurred after the conviction. The young  Indian that plead on her behalf and succeeded in obtaining a conditional pardon for her, could have only occurred if there were a process. In the absence of a process, she would as I indicated early simply have been killed, but she was not. Therefore she moved from convicted criminal to pardoned criminal. During this process, many of the words on ?? not explicitly stated. There is no mention of persons acting as jurors, judges or executioners, but through Leininger's position, one understand their existance. As one on trial for example, someone one must have made a decision regarding her guilt. The creation of the fire for her burning, meant that someone or several people would have (had the execution gone through) had to act as her executioner(s). It is quite easy to see through the actions of the young  Indian that he took up the position of defense attorney. Had the individuals in the text not accepted these positions, the storyline would have involved resistence(s) to the various positions present, but this did not occur. The  judge or judges whoever s/he/they might have been accepted the argument of the defense attorney and physically and metaphorically repositioned themselves and Leininger from executioners and condemned to captors/prisoner once again. initially, placing herself in the position of refugee, As a result of this particular segment of text, it would appear that the group that actually bears the least resemblance to the Lenap are those who carry out the acts of aggression. Such a short text, does not allow one to conclude either way, but it does raise questions about the overall position of the Lenap Nation. Die Barbara Leininger suchte sich aus diesen Umstnden durch die Flucht zu erretten,  wurde aber gleich von den Indianern daran verhindert, und von ihnen verurteilt, verbrandt zu werden:... sie legten zu dem Ende schon einen Holtz-Sto zusammen, und zndeten ihn wrcklich an, gaben auch der Barbara eine Franzsische Bibel, welch sie aus le Roys Hause genommen hatten, um sich aus derselben zuzubereiten, und da sie ihnen sagte, da das nicht ihre Sprache wre, gaben sie ihr eine teutsche Bibel. Ein junger Indianer aber bath gar sehr vor die Barbara, und auf desselben Vorsprache wurde sie, nachdem sie versprochen hatte nicht mehr davon zu laufen und nicht mehr zu weinen, von den Indianern pardoniert. (3) As before, this places the Indians in the positions of pursuers and once again captors as she reassumes the position of prisoner/captive. However the words above shift these former murderers, thieves and masters to another unexpected position. By assessing Leininger's act as criminal, pronouncing her guilty of a crime and subsequently sentencing her, they become lawyers, jurers, judges and executioners. While not all of these actions are explicitly written down, one can with reasonable certainty speculate on the implicit judicial process.  One remaining act on the part of a young Indianer however adds another dimension to this exchange. A young man pleads on her behalf postioning himself as her defense attorney. By accepting his assistance, she allows herself to become his client. In providing a conditional pardon, Leininger now appears to accept her position as slave, but is also a  pardoned criminal among the Lenap. The Lenap on the other hand have now positioned themselves more in a manner consistent with the earlier argument that murder may be more representative of a small group of Lenap vice the habits of the overall population.  The authors provide the reader with one single example of stereotyping (IN THE TEXT ABOVE? SAY WHERE/HOW), but given the women's previous positioning of the Lenap in general, and the presence of the demonstrative  dieser (WHERE? NOT IN THE TEXT ABOVE), it would appear that they intended this comment to be directed only at the individuals carrying out the torture rather than a comment against all Lenap communities, which in turn morally raises both their own position as well as the positions of Lenap who were not as cruel relative to lowering the Lenap, who do. During the bulk of their time among the Lenap, the women describe situations of suffering including hard labour and hunger SUCH AS THE FOLLOWING: Endlich da der arme Mann unter seinen heftigsten Schmertzen um einen Trunk rief, brachten sie ihm geschmoltzen Bley und schrtetens ihm in den Hals; dieser Trunk half ihm auf einmal aus der Gewalt dieser Barbaren denn er starb augenblicklich daran. (5) During the bulk of their time among the Lenap, the women describe situations of suffering including hard labour and hunger, however it couldCONSIDERING THAT ... (WHATEVER THE TEXT SHOWS TO YOU), IT CAN be argued that the women did not see themselves as slaves so much as English prisoners in slave like conditions for three reasons. First, they never actually identify themselves as slaves. The closest is in the following paragraph describing the difficulty of their circumstances. Nach dem wir in den vergangnen 3 Jahren niemand von unserm Fleisch und Blut yu Gesichte gekriegt hatten / als diejenige unglckliche Menschen, welche gleich wir unter dem Joch der hartesten Sclaverey sich dulden musten;... (6) Second, the women attempt to escape meaning that they reject their position as being owned. Third, they identify themselves as  Englische Gefangne (10) to the English soldiers waiting to rescue them, and last, le Roy identifies a Lanap woman as her  bse Mutter (10). Es kam auch ein Indianer mit den Englischen Soldaten zu uns ber, der fragte uns ob wir gut Wildisch reden knten? Die Marie le Roy antwortete, sie knne es. Er fragte sie warum sie von den Indianern gelaufen sey? Sie antwortete: sie htte so eine bse Mutter gehabt... (10) English positions  protector, victim and traitor Throughout the text, anything or anyone aligned with the English crown or the American Militia was IS positioned in a positive light. For example, the English Forts Schamokin and Pitt are symbols of safehavens or strength. After the Pitt's Creek Massacre, Col Armstrong successfully destroys the Lenap fortified community of Kittanning, and although his actions unknowingly result in the torture and deaths of an Englishwoman and man, when they attempt escape, the two are rendered victims to the Lenap  Barbaren . There is one exception to English as protector or victim and that is English as traitor. The English soldier who committed treason, is not so much positioned as an enemy of the state as he is an animal. This would imply that such an act reduces a person to the level of an animal, in this case a dog given the sentence that follows his actions. The verb used to describe his act of cannibalism,  fressen means  to eat , but it is used for animals. Indeed it is used for the dogs that feed on the woman's remains in the very next sentence. Whether this act is written to resemble Dant's Count Ugolino preying on Archbishop Ruggeri in the Inferno is unknown, but the similarities would seem to position the act of treason as distasteful to the reader as it was for Dant. Ein Englischer Soldat aber, welcher aus der Gefangns zu Lancaster gelaufen und sich zu den Franzosen begeben hatte, sein Nahme ist John _______ hat sich ein Stck Fleisch von dem Leibe dieser Frau schneiden lassen, und solches gefressen. Nachdem die Frau tod war haben sie die Indianer in der Mitte von einander gespalten, und so liegen lassen, da sie denn von den Hunden vollends aufgefressen worden. (5) When this he'd said, he, with distorted eyes, The skull detested scranch'd between his teeth, As a Dog when a mangled bone he gnaws. (Dant transl: Rogers, 1782, P127 L74-5; P 128 L79)  Positioning the French and Indian enemy The French are presented in this text in military form only. There are French officers, soldiers and Fort Duquesne. Their position as enemy of the English comes about by association with the Indianer. The  Indianer is throughout the text positioned as the enemy of the English. However unlike the French, who are portrayed as a  civilized enemy, the Indianer, as enemy, are positioned as cruel and oppressive. In part this may be due more to the absence of French and English acts of aggression rather than relative aggression on the part of the Lenap. On each page in which the Lenap are present, they carry out acts of aggression (see Table 1). There are no recordings of violence after page 6 because page 7 is the beginning of le Roy and Leininger's escape, DURING WHICH THEY HAVE NO CONTACT WITH THE INDIANS. The last two and one half pages are simple listings of those that remained in the Lenap communities. Page NumberLenapFrench1Title page indicates that le Roy and Leininger are taken prisonerNo mention of French2Le Roy and Leininger adult male members killed as is neighbour BastienNo mention of French3Six fresh bloody scalps brought back to bush, Leininger sentenced to be burnedNo mention of French4Englishwoman tortured  detail is quite graphicNo mention of French5Englishwoman continues to be tortured, Englishman tortured to deathFrench officer kills English woman out of sympathy Women brought to French fort. There is European food, but it is such poor quality that they cannot eat it.6Indicate that Friedrich Post, the Moravian missionary was a dead man.The French say that if they catch Friedrich Post, they will burn him for 5 days. While there is no denying the position of the French as enemies of the English, given that this text was written during the French and Indian War, it is necessary to point out that the two acts of aggression that they do carry out pale in comparison to those carried out by the Lenap. The first act is described as carried out out of sympathy for the victim, the second is not so much an act of violence as it is a threat against Friedrich Post. In relation to the body count on the part of the Lenap as enemy, the Indian enemy is positioned as the more dangerous and cruel of the two. Nevertheless, this position differs from other strict binaries in its ability to reposition the reader on what could be considered a sliding scale of fear. One would rather die at the hands of an enemy such as the French than the Lenap. Whereas the French are not nearly as present during acts of aggression THAN X (WHO?), they are not at all present during acts of compassion. It is this latter component which contradicts the position of all Indians as cruel and violent. Gelasto for example was described earlier as freundlich, the Lenap judiciary process pardoned Leininger, although it was their ancient right/obligation to make prisoners suffer, the girls indicate that they were not punished harshly, and lastly, it was an Indian who accompanied the English soldiers and welcomed them to Fort Pitt, not a friendly Frenchman. Thus the overall position of the Lenap is not so gruesome, nor is the position of the French so civil as enemies of the English and their allies. Positioning Theory vs. Practice Using ideas laid out in Harr and Langenhove, I considered how identity POSITIONING developed in the subject text. At first glance, there appeared to be an effort on the part of authors to convey the women as victims, then survivors; the Indians merely as violent, the French as observers and the English as senior  family members to German settlers. This would have implied looking at positioning theory in a way that stereotypes were created, however this did not over time prove to be the case. The statements of the authors did not assign generalized personal attributes based on race, class or gender with the exception of the  Barbaren example and even here, the demonstrative appear to explain this as situational. Instead, this text is better studied from using intergroup positioning.  Sui-Lan Tan and Moghaddam (1999) state that Intergroup positioning is fundamentally achieved through the use of linguistic devices such as 'we', 'they', 'us', 'them', 'I' (as a member of certain group), 'you' (as a member of a certain group), and specific group names. (183) This assertion appears to be true, albeit with the German equivalents. For example, even though the women see themselves as belonging to the new master Gelasto, they continue to position themselves as  wir... und Gelasto that demonstrates a continued separation of groups. German pronouns  wir and  sie are akin to we as two women, captives or English, and  sie is used to align positions of Indianer, captors or enemies. Sui-Lan Tan and Moghaddam describe two important roles in intergroup positioning: representatives and mediators. The representative may act on behalf of a group, whereas a mediator generally acts as an unbiased party between the two groups. The mediator although neutral is also said to occupy a certain position. Given the nature of the text, there are few people who outright represent their nations. Nevertheless we see how they could. During the attack again the Leininger family, the men attacking the home state,  wir sind Alligheny Indianer und eure Feinde. Ihr mut alle sterben. (2) This is a representative statement. They come representing the Alligheny Indianer, position themselves as enemies (TO WHOM?) as a result and subsequently carry out their acts of aggression accordingly. Subsequently each position creates a reciprical position on the part of the enemy, murder victim and trauma victim, who also become intentionally or not English allies and ultimately English citizens as a result of their captivity. There is one aspect of the text which appears to contradict Sui-Lan Tan and Moghaddam and that is the notion that the idea that  disadvantaged group member often perceive their lower status as legitimate, or a least do not take effective action to achieve greater equality (188). I think it is important to clarify that Sui-Lan Tan and Moghaddam are not speaking about conditions in which one's life is at stake. It is nevertheless clear that people did try to achieve greater equality sometimes paying the ultimate price.  HYPERLINK "http://www.library.cornell.edu/olinuris/ref/garland.html"http://www.library.cornell.edu/olinuris/ref/garland.html A topographical description of the dominions of the United States of America / Thomas Pownall ; edited by Lois Mulkearn New York : Arno Press, 1976, c1949. c1776  Present-day English names are included in brackets after the original spelling where they are significantly different. MAKE THE FIRST 4 SENTENCES OF THIS INTRODUCTION PART OF THE SUMMARY AND CALL THE SUMMARY SOMETHING MORE DESCRIPTIVE, E.G. STORY LINE AND DOCUMENT BACKGROUND. YOU CAN DO MORE ANALYSIS HERE: THE THIRD PERSON ARE THE FIRST 4 PARAGRAPHS, THEN (WITH A SWITCH TO THE NEXT DAY), THE VOICE CHANGES TO FIRST PERSON. you need to use the term "generic" in the text below to make clear what you mean I changed the terms here and below as well. Any better? NEED TO CITE SOMEBODY analytic tool? How can it be a "referential tool"? Can you give any references (citation) for you understanding of identity? WHO'S THAT? TOO OLD, NEWER LIT? Give reference that categorization is usually a binary matter, since it's not your idea. (Do you want to have a suggestion for a reference?) Done in reality one can (one can also be French-German etc.) but do you mean in your text? This was more a matter of my not figuring out how to do a 3-D section that would both include and exclude the different categories of adults. Why is Kinder in the middle here? I DON'T UNDERSTAND THIS PART. P. 7 IN THE STORY MENTIONS INDIANER WEIBSBILDER UND MAENNER  ARE THOSE NOT INDIANER MAENNER? ONE OF THE WOMEN MENTIONS HER INDIANERMUTTER TO THE INDIAN WHEN SHE ARRIVES ON SAFE GROUNDS  IS THERE A DIFFERENCE HOW INDIANER AND EUROPEANS WOULD UNDERSTAND THIS TERM? This section is re-worded IN THE TEXT AS OPPOSED TO INDIANS OR WHAT IS YOUR ARGUMENT HERE? IF YOU MEAN THE TEXT, WRITE PRESENT TENSE YOU WERE TALKING ABOUT HIERARCHIE WITH OFFICER, SOLDIER AND SERVANT. DOES BARBAREN FIT THAT SCHEME? THE HIERACHIE VS. THE INDIANER WITHOUT HIERARCHY IS INTERESTING. WHY IS THIS SO AND WHAT EFFECT DOES IT HAVE FOR THE MEANING OF THE TEXT (YOU COULD USE CDA HERE TO EXPLAIN.) ?? WHY DO YOU BRING THIS EXAMPLE BUT NOT ANY OTHERS MENTIONED IN THE ANALYSIS? IF YOU DON'T BRING EXAMPLES HERE, YOU NEED TO AT LEAST REFER TO A PAGE IN THE STORY. This section is completely new. i DON'T THINK IT'S THE SAME AS POSITIONED, IS IT? BY DESCRIBING, POSITIONED AS ... (YOU NEED TO MAKE DIFFERENCE CLEAR) WHAT DOES THIS DO IN TERMS OF POSITIONING? EXPLAIN/INTERPRET. ?? CAN YOU MAKE THIS PART CLEARER? CAN YOU SAY HERE WHAT YOU ARE GOING TO DO (ARGUE FOR) IN THIS SECTION? (i MAY THEN UNDERSTAND WHERE YOU ARE GOING WITH THE MILLER'S WIFE EXAMPLE) ?? ? ? for the women? didn't you say above that Indians are only refered to as Indians, not more descriptively? could also be other categories of non-master, right? Perhaps, but in the absence of pay and the normal position of captive as slave, I think slave is the most accurate term. THE STORY ALSO CALLS THEM SLAVES, RIGHT? (WHERE EXACTLY DOES THAT START IN THE STORY) CAN YOU FIND A TRANSITION FROM THE PREVIOUS PARAGRAPH? Do you think that there should be more detail? I was thinking that the theory component would be covered in the theory chapter. OK, THEN REFERE BACK TO THE THEORY CHAPTER HERE (E.G. AS MENTION IN THE THEORY CHAPTER AND EXPLAINED IN MORE DETAIL THERE....) need to explain this theory here SAY HOW THIS IS RELEVANT FOR YOUR TEXT ALSO. REALLY? HOW CAN THEY BE REPRESENTATIVE THEN? I DON'T YET FULLY UNDERSTAND THIS PARAGRAPH BUT MAYBE AFTER I READ THE LONGER DESCRIPTION OF THE THEORY IN THE EINLEITUNG OF THE THESIS. ?? GELASTO IS ALSO NOT MENTIONED LATER IN THE TEXT AT ALL, WHICH I FIND INTERESTING. BIG JUMP FROM MASTER/SLAVE. YOU NEED TO EXPLAIN THIS. REFER TO PAGE NUMBERS IN THE SOTYR MORE OFTEN. WHICH COMMUNITY? INDIANS, LENAPE, PRISONERS ...? I THINK YOU WILL HAVE TO SAY: ACCODING TO MY KNOWLEDGE OF THE COMMUNITY, .... (OR BETTER YET: QUOTE A HISTORIAN) WHERE ARE YOU IN THE STORY TEXT? WHY NO NAMES MENTIONED, YOU THINK? OR WHAT DOES THE NO MENTION MEAN FOR THE TEXT (THE POSITIONING OF GROUPS, CF. CDA)? THIS SEEMS IMPORTANT. CAN YOU EXPLAIN THIS MORE CLEARLY? WHICH QUESTIONS? EXPLAIN MORE. why, how? WHAT IS YOUR PRINCIPLE FOR CHOOSING THE TEXT HERE BUT NOT IN OTHER INSTANCES. THE TEXT MENTIONS THE WORD SKLAVE UND SKLAVEREI BUT NOT IN REFERENCE TO THEM? REALLY? THEY DON'T IDENTIFY THEMSELVES AS SLAVES HERE... THEY CONTRAST THEMSELVES WITH SLAVES (WHICH IS INTERESTING) BOESE MUTTER IS NOT YOUR ARGUMENT BUT THAT THEY ARE NOT SLAVES BUT PART OF THE COMMUNITY, RIGHT? NEED MORE PAGE NBS. IS THIS SOLELY TRAITOR THEN OR NOT SOMETHING ELSE? IT MAY MAKE SENSE TO COMPARE THESE POSITIONS TO OTHER GROUPS (E.G INDIANS AS BARBARIANS  HOW ARE THE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ACTS DIFFERENT IN TERMS OF LINGUISTICS/WORDS USED?) IN YOUR EINLEITUNG OF YOUR THESIS, CAN YOU HAVE A DESCRIPTION OF THE HISTORICAL SITUATION OF THESE RELATIONSHIPS (FRENCH, ENGLISH, INDIANS, OTHER GROUPS)? WHY THIS HERE? (BETTER IN SUMMARY ABOVE) I DON'T UNDERSTAND THIS. MAYBE SAY IN A FEW SENTENCES (REFERING TO THE TERMS IN THE TITLE) AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS SECTION WHAT YOU MEAN? AN EFFORT? INTENTIONAL WRITING? NOW I KNOW BETTER WHAT YOU WANTED TO DO WITH THE GENERIC SECTION. YOU NEED TO SAY THIS AT THE BEGINNING (IN TH EINTRO TO THIS CHAPTER) REPETITION FROM EARLIER IN THIS CHAPTER. LEAVE OUT EARLIER OR HERE. AMBIGIOUS IN WHICH CONTEXT DO THEY SAY THAT? DOES THAT REALLY APPLY/COMPARE TO YOUR TEXT? 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