If a XTextTable/XCell is located in a XTextSection, then the section can be
accessed by

xPropertySet = (XPropertySet) UnoRuntime.queryInterface(                       
    XPropertySet.class, xCell);
xPropertySetInfo = xPropertySet.getPropertySetInfo();


if (xPropertySetInfo.hasPropertyByName("TextSection")) { 
    XTextSection xSection = (XTextSection)
UnoRuntime.queryInterface(TextSection.class,
xPropertySet.getPropertyValue("TextSection"));

if (xSection != null) {
    // surrounding context is a section
}

The same should be possible, if a table is located in a XTextFrame.
There is no way to evaluate, if the surrounding context is a XTextFrame (dirty:
placing the ViewCursor at the end of the last cell and goRight(1,false)).